Tuberculosis (TB)

What is Tuberculosis?

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body, including the brain, kidneys, and spine. TB spreads through the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or speaks.

Types of TB

• Latent TB Infection: The bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. It is not contagious but can become active later.
• Active TB Disease: This condition makes people sick and can spread to others. It needs immediate medical treatment.

Symptoms of Active TB

• Persistent cough lasting more than 3 weeks
• Coughing up blood
• Chest pain
• Fatigue and weakness
• Weight loss
• Fever and night sweats
• Loss of appetite

Causes and Risk Factors

• Close contact with someone with active TB
• Weakened immune system (HIV/AIDS, diabetes, chemotherapy, etc.)
• Malnutrition
• Smoking
• Living or working in crowded or poorly ventilated environments

Diagnosis

• Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
• Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)
• Chest X-rays
• Sputum Test for TB Bacteria

Treatment

TB is treatable and curable. Standard treatment involves:

• A combination of antibiotics taken for 6 to 9 months, typically including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide.
• Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) is recommended to ensure adherence.

Prevention

• Early detection and complete treatment
• BCG vaccination (especially in children)
• Avoiding close contact with active TB patients
• Proper ventilation in living spaces
• Use of masks and respiratory hygiene

Global and Local Impact

TB remains one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, with millions affected each year, particularly in developing countries. Increased awareness, early diagnosis, and proper treatment are crucial to control its spread.

When to See a Doctor

If you experience TB symptoms or have been in contact with someone diagnosed with TB, seek medical attention immediately for screening and possible treatment.